DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1748976 - volume 44 - Julho 2022
Maria Celeste Osório Wender, Rafaela Girardi Duarte, Gabriel Cardozo Muller, Rosaura Rolim Cavalheiro, Yanick Adolfo Leal Correia Silva, Cristiane Carboni, Edimárlei Gonsales Valério
The present study seeks to identify the associated factors that increased primary cesarean delivery rates.
This was a cross-sectional study that evaluated the number of primary cesarean sections performed in the years 2006 and 2018 at the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA, in the Portuguese acronym), through the collection of data from the medical records of the patients.
Advanced maternal age, twin pregnancy, and higher body mass index (BMI) became more frequent in 2018 in comparison with 2006. To mitigate the impact of confounding in comparisons among groups, we made an adjustment by propensity scores and detected significant differences when comparing both age groups on twin pregnancy rates, gestational diabetes mellitus, and thyroid disease.
Data from the present study can be used to prevent and improve the management of morbidities, impacting on better outcomes in obstetrical practice.
In recent years, the rapid increase in cesarean section rates without clear evidence of concomitant decrease in maternal or neonatal morbidity or mortality raises significant concern that cesarean delivery is overused.1
The global increase in the number of cesarean sections is accompanied by an increase in maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Some of the outcomes observed are a higher risk of complications in childbirth, from an anesthetic point of view, since analgesia is performed at the surgical level. As a surgical procedure, cesarean section offers a higher risk of complications when compared with vaginal delivery, as well as longer hospitalization and postpartum recovery time. Other complications related to the surgical event include increased risk of surgical wound hematoma, cardiac events, puerperal infection, and long-term complications of abdominal surgery such as adhesions and incisional hernia formation.1-3
It is worth noting that an increased number of cesarean sections may also be related to a higher risk of placenta accreta, intestinal injury, ureteral injury, need for postoperative ventilation, hospitalization in the intensive care unit, hysterectomy, and blood transfusion. In addition, most uterine ruptures are associated with an attempt to labor after a previous cesarean section.2,3
Despite attempts to reduce the risk of these adverse outcomes, the current high rates of cesarean deliveries are not accompanied by a reduction in maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality, forgetting the art and experience of vaginal delivery is a serious challenge to the nature and training of future obstetricians. In an overview, the journey of childbirth care from the 21st century onwards ends in increasing rates of cesarean sections around the world.1-3
Primary cesarean is considered to be performed in women who have never undergone this procedure before. As our objective was to determine associated factors with primary cesarean sections to provide data on future strategies to potentially reduce elective/nonessential indications, we collected data corresponding to age, ethnicity, residence, body mass index (BMI), gestational age at birth, number of fetuses, fetal presentation, cesarean indications, and maternal comorbidities. In addition, since our hospital is a regional reference center for high-risk pregnancies, we collected the city of residence of the patients. The indications for cesarean sections were also analyzed, comparing the two years observed in the present study in relation to the conditions mentioned below in the methods section.
Our group designed a cross-sectional study with data (collected from medical records) of all patients who underwent primary cesarean at a university hospital in southern Brazil (Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre [HCPA, in the Portuguese acronym, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil) in the years 2006 and 2018. The years 2006 and 2018 were chosen because our database was already filled with information from these years, and because we also had the objective of comparing the factors associated with the chance of primary cesarean section in different years.
All patients who underwent primary cesarean at the HCPA in 2006 and 2018 were included in the present study. Data were collected from the collection of data from the medical records of these patients.
The indications for cesarean sections were analyzed, comparing the two years regarding the following conditions: whether the indication was elective or urgent, noncephalic presentations, multiple pregnancies, nonreassuring fetal condition, cephalopelvic disproportion, failure in induction of labor, antepartum hemorrhage, placental abruption, placenta previa, HIV-positive, fetal malformations, active herpes, and macrosomia.
Our project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the HCPA (Letter of Approval number 2020/0672) and was also forwarded to and approved by Plataforma Brasil for publication (CAAE 40587620.7.0000.5327).
All analyses were made using R v4.0.1 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria) and Rstudio v1.4.1717 (RStudio Team. RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R).
To analyze differences between both groups, the Fisher exact test or the chi-squared test were used for qualitative variables and, for quantitative ones, the Mann-Whitney test for independent samples (as the majority presented an asymmetrical distribution) was used. For comparisons between proportions, the prevalence ratios (PRs) accompanied by their confidence intervals (CIs) at 95% were expressed, with differences whose CI did not contain the unit and whose two-sided p-value was below the 5% significance level were considered significant.
To adjust for potential confounders, we used a propensity score matching through a logistic regression model with covariates defined by theory and by those baseline characteristics that presented statistical significance in comparison among groups. To prevent violation of logistic regression assumptions, we categorized continuous covariates (BMI, gestational week, and age).
In 2006, there were a total of 3,919 births, 2,636 vaginal births, and 1,239 cesarean sections. Among the total number of cesarean sections, the number of primary cesarean sections was 771, composing one of the analysis groups of our study (►Table 1).
| Year | Vaginal births | Cesarean sections | Primary Cesareans | Births | Number of pregnant women |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2006 | 2.636 | 1.239 | 771 | 3.919 | 3.870 |
| 2018 | 2.181 | 1.334 | 722 | 3.567 | 3.507 |
Table 1
Births in 2006 and 2018
In 2018, there were 3,567 births, with 2,181 of them by vaginal delivery and 1,334 by cesarean sections. The number of primary cesarean sections in 2018 was 722, making up the other analysis group in our study. Pregnant women who underwent cesarean sections were older and had more comorbidities in 2018 compared with 2006. Pregnant women grouped in 2018 also had a higher BMI. These variables (age, morbidity presence, BMI), along with blood type, gemelarity, and gestational week (►Table 2) were used for propensity scores matching to adjust to these potential confounders. After this matching, our sample comprised 862 patients divided equally into both groups. Then, the epidemiological profile of pregnant women in these 2 years were compared. We considered morbidity as the presence of common or uncommon diseases during pregnancy, such as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and pregestational diabetes mellitus, systemic arterial hypertension, pre-eclampsia and eclampsia, cardiopathy, nephropathy, hepatopathy, and thyroid disease.
| Year | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 2006 (771) | 2018 (722) | ||
| Age (years old) | 23.00 (19.00–29.00) | 26.00 (22.00–32.00) | < 0.001 |
| Age, categorical (years old) (%) | |||
| < 18 | 96 (12.5) | 28 (3.9) | < 0.001 |
| 18–34 | 600 (77.8) | 566 (78.4) | |
| 35–39 | 55 (7.1) | 94 (13.0) | |
| ≥ 40 | 20 (2.6) | 34 (4.7) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.20 (26.30–33.50) | 31.60 (28.22–36.10) | < 0.001 |
| BMI, categorical (%) | |||
| Eutrophic | 93 (13.7) | 44 (9.1) | < 0.001 |
| Overweight | 283 (41.6) | 137 (28.4) | |
| Obesity I | 173 (25.4) | 148 (30.7) | |
| Obesity II or III | 132 (19.4) | 153 (31.7) | |
| Gestational age at birth (weeks) |
39.00 (37.00–40.00) | 39.00 (37.00–40.00) | 0.05 |
| Gestational age, categorical | |||
| Extremely premature (< 28 weeks) |
23 (3.0) | 13 (1.8) | 0.327 |
| Premature (28–36 weeks) |
158 (20.5) | 152 (21.1) | |
| Term (≥ 37 weeks) | 590 (76.5) | 557 (77.1) | |
| Number of fetuses (%) | |||
| Twin | 26 (3.4) | 42 (5.8) | 0.03 |
| Triplet | 3 (0.4) | 3 (0.4) | 1.00 |
| Blood type (%) | |||
| A | 316 (42.0) | 255 (35.3) | 0.057 |
| AB | 31 (4.1) | 28 (3.9) | |
| B | 82 (10.9) | 83 (11.5) | |
| O | 324 (43.0) | 356 (49.3) | |
| Morbidity (%) | 267 (34.6) | 357 (49.4) | < 0.001 |
Table 2
Baseline factors – frequencies by year
When comparing both groups, there was a significant difference between the 2 years in twin pregnancy rates, GDM, and thyroid disease even after the adjusted analysis (►Table 3). It is important to emphasize that it was not possible to obtain the BMI data of 329 patients (22%) because the deliveries occurred at the time of admission, by emergency cesarean. In contrast, after the adjusted analysis, there was no significance in the two years for HIV-positive pregnant women and depression.
| Year | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2006 (431) | 2018 (431) | PR | 95%CI | p-value | |
| Ethnicity, non-white (%) | 87 (20.2) | 102 (23.7) | 1.10 | 0.95–1.29 | 0.20 |
| Porto Alegre (%) | 276 (64.0) | 288 (66.8) | 1.06 | 0.92–1.23 | 0.39 |
| Systemic arterial hypertension (%) | 45 (10.4) | 44 (10.2) | 0.99 | 0.79–1.23 | 0.91 |
| Severe pre-eclampsia (%) | 20 (4.6) | 13 (3.0) | 0.78 | 0,51–1.20 | 0.26 |
| Mild pre-eclampsia (%) | 29 (6.7) | 24 (5.6) | 0.90 | 0.66–1.22 | 0.50 |
| Rh factor, + (%) | 387 (89.8) | 395 (91.6) | 1.12 | 0,87–1.44 | 0.30 |
| Eclampsia (%) | 4 (0.9) | 1 (0.2) | 0,55 | 0.24–1.27 | 0.16 |
| Musculoskeletal diseases (%) | 6 (1.4) | 7 (1.6) | 1.08 | 0.65–1.79 | 0.77 |
| HIV positive (%) | 12 (2.8) | 14 (3.2) | 1.08 | 0.75–1.55 | 0.68 |
| Hepatopathy (%) | 10 (2.3) | 7 (1.6) | 0.82 | 0.46–1.45 | 0,50 |
| Cardiopathy (%) | 4 (0.9) | 8 (1.9) | 1.34 | 0.89–2.01 | 0.16 |
| Thyroid diseases (%) | 2 (0.5) | 16 (3.7) | 1.81 | 1.51–2.16 | < 0.0001 |
| Nephropathy (%) | 15 (3.5) | 17 (3.9) | 1.07 | 0.76–1.49 | 0,71 |
| Pregestational diabetes mellitus (%) | 7 (1.6) | 10 (2.3) | 1.18 | 0.79–1.77 | 0.42 |
| Gestational diabetes mellitus (%) | 17 (3.9) | 39 (9.0) | 1.43 | 1.19–1.73 | < 0.0001 |
| Depression (%) | 7 (1.6) | 14 (3.2) | 1.34 | 0.99–1.83 | 0.06 |
Table 3
Comparison of morbimorbidities matched by propensity scores
There was no statistically significant difference in the percentage of indications for elective and nonelective primary cesarean sections between the 2 years (p= 0.2; PR: 1.10; 95%CI: 0.93–1.30), even in the unadjusted analysis. Most of the variables analyzed did not show statistically significant differences in the indications of primary cesarean sections. However, there were significant differences in crude analysis comparing the two groups regarding premature rupture of membranes, fetal malformations, and antepartum hemorrhage. In these comparisons, there was also significance after matching by propensity scores (►Table 4).
| Year | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2006 (431) | 2018 (431) | PR | 95%CI | p-value | |
| Indication | |||||
| Elective cesarean | 113 (26.2) | 98 (22.7) | 1 | − | 0.25 |
| Nonelective cesarean | 318 (73.8) | 333 (78.3) | 1.10 | 0.93–1.30 | |
| Noncephalic presentation | 62 (14.4) | 70 (16.2) | 1.07 | 0.89–1.28 | 0.43 |
| Multiple pregnancy (twin + triplet) |
1 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 1 | 0.24–4.00 | 1 |
| Nonreassuring fetal condition | 110 (25.5) | 119 (27.6) | 1,05 | 0.91–1.22 | 0.48 |
| Cephalopelvic disproportion | 157 (36.4) | 154 (35.7) | 0,98 | 0.86–1.13 | 0.83 |
| Induction labor failure & | 36 (8.4) | 49 (11.4) | 1,17 | 0.96–1.43 | 0.11 |
| Premature rupture of membranes | 77 (17.9) | 103 (23.9) | 1.19 | 1.02–1.38 | 0.02 |
| Antepartum hemorrhage | 8 (1.9) | 16 (3.7) | 1,35 | 1.01–1.80 | 0.05 |
| Placental abruption | 10 (2.3) | 11 (2.6) | 1.05 | 0.69–1.59 | 0.82 |
| Placenta previa | 2 (0.5) | 2 (0.5) | 1,00 | 0.37–2.67 | 1.00 |
| Fetal malformations | 6 (1.4) | 20 (4.6) | 1,56 | 1.25–1.95 | 0,00 |
| Active herpes | 4 (0.9) | 6 (1.4) | 1,20 | 0.72–2.00 | 0,48 |
| Macrosomia | 42 (9.7) | 44 (10.2) | 1,03 | 0.82–1.28 | 0,82 |
Table 4
Indications for primary cesareans–frequencies by year
The World Health Organization (WHO) advocates that every effort should be made to provide cesarean sections to women in need, rather than achieving a specific goal. For low-risk conditions, cesarean delivery seems to pose more maternal risk than vaginal delivery. Although the indications for cesarean deliveries are established, the choice for cesarean deliveries has increased globally both in low-, middle- and high-income countries. This trend, however, was not accompanied by significant maternal and perinatal benefits. On the contrary, the increase in cesarean delivery rates was not associated with any demonstrable improvement in maternal or neonatal morbidity or mortality.3-6
Advanced maternal age, defined as pregnancy in women > 35 years old, is associated with a potential clinical risk of complications such as fetal growth restriction, pre-eclampsia, placental abruption, preterm delivery, and stillbirth. In addition, systematic reviews and meta-analyses have shown the association between advanced maternal age and increased risk of cesarean delivery.7,8 Our study also showed that advanced maternal age was associated with a greater number of primary cesarean sections in 2018 compared with 2006.
Gestational diabetes mellitus confers an increased risk of serious complications during pregnancy both for the mother and the child, including cesarean delivery, shoulder dystocia, macrosomia, and neonatal hypoglycemia.9 In other studies, pregnant women with GDM had overall cesarean rates of 35.3%. Simultaneously, compared with nondiabetic pregnant women, the reported cesarean rate was 1.52 times higher in patients with GDM.10,11 In this sense, our findings are similar to what is found in the literature regarding the greater number of pregnancies that evolved to cesarean delivery in women with GDM. Even so, this increase may be partially explained by changes in diagnostic criteria between the two years.12
Premature rupture of membranes, despite not being among the indications for primary cesarean sections, showed a statistically significant increase when comparing the years 2006 and 2018. We relate this fact to the possibility that other variables are associated with the condition, such as nonreassuring fetal condition and induction failure, among others that configure indication for primary cesarean.
Twin pregnancies were also more frequent in 2018 in the unadjusted analysis, and, therefore, were used for matching. However, when added to the triplet pregnancies, there was no statistically significant difference in the indications for cesarean sections between the two years evaluated. In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a safe and highly effective treatment for infertility.13,14 However, risks of obstetric and perinatal morbidity, such as hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, GDM, cesarean section, placenta accreta, premature delivery, and low birthweight, have been associated with IVF. These adverse outcomes are largely due to an increased risk of multiple pregnancies in IVF, as several perinatal complications increase with multiple pregnancies, including fetal anomalies, pre-eclampsia, and GDM.13,14 We think that the increase in the number of twin pregnancies in 2018 is due, in part, to the increase in assisted reproduction techniques.
According to Hannah et al.,15 there is a consensus that planned cesarean delivery is better than planned vaginal delivery for the delivery of the fetus at breech presentation, if the fetus is compromised, if the fetus is large, or if it has a congenital anomaly that can cause a mechanical problem in vaginal delivery. Also, these authors concluded that a planned cesarean policy is substantially better for the single fetus at term breech presentation, with the benefits being greatest in countries reporting lower perinatal mortality rates.15 A planned cesarean policy is not associated with an increased risk of serious problems for the mother in the 1st 6 weeks after delivery. However, some results show that a subsequent delivery after a pelvic cesarean delivery is associated with an increase in maternal and child morbidity, regardless of the type of the subsequent delivery.15,16
In recent years, in addition to the increase in the number of cesarean sections, there is a trend toward an increase in the number of elective cesarean sections, many of them occurring at the request of the mother. Despite this increase, some studies suggest that maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality would not be reduced.17,18 Our hospital serves predominantly patients from the public health system following strict guidelines and criteria for performing elective cesarean sections. This can justify the findings of our study, which presented no difference between elective and nonelective cesarean sections between 2006 and 2018.
In our study, there was no difference regarding abnormal fetal presentation as an indication for cesarean sections in the two years evaluated.
Before matching, there was a difference in comorbidity presence between the years of 2006 and 2018. After matching and including this variable, only thyroid disease was more frequent in 2018 than in 2006. Thyroid disease may be related to the increasing age of pregnant women, since there is an increase in the incidence of this disease with age, among other factors.
In addition to the limitations intrinsic to a cross-sectional study, we can add the loss of 22% of the given BMI, the fact that we were analyzing data from a tertiary hospital, and a sample that was probably biased. As external validity, we considered tertiary centers and centers in developing countries.
Known risk factors for adverse events during pregnancy have become more frequent, including advanced maternal age, twin pregnancy, higher BMI, GDM, thyroid disease, and premature rupture of membranes. The present work provides data to reinforce institutional strategies for the prevention and proper management of morbidities in our hospital; therefore, it could reduce complications during pregnancy, as well as indications for primary cesarean sections.