DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1679878 - volume 41 - Junho 2019
José Mauro Madi, José Roberto Festugatto, Matheus Rizzon, Ana Paula Agostini, Breno Fauth de Araújo, Rosa Maria Rahmi Garcia
Pentalogy of Cantrell (PC) is a rare congenital syndrome, often with a poor prognosis, whose prevalence may range from 1 to 65 per 200,000 births.1 In 1958, Cantrell et al,2 from the Johns Hopkins University, reported the syndrome for the first time. These authors defined the full spectrum of the syndrome with the following anomalies: defects of the anterior diaphragm, of the lower part of the sternum, of the supraumbilical region and in the abdominal wall, of the diaphragmatic pericardium, and various intracardiac congenital abnormalities. The literature regarding this topic has presented few patients with the full spectrum of the pentalogy.1 2 3 4 5 6 We report the case of a newborn who, in the 2nd trimester of pregnancy, with the aid of 2D combined with 3D ultrasound (US) (Fig. 1), fetal echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (Figs. 2 and 3), had a confirmed diagnosis of a large omphalocele, as well as of evisceration of part of the fetal liver, of the intestine, of the apex of the heart, and a defect in the interventricular septum and in the interatrial septum, along with a diaphragmatic hernia and a poor closing of the sternum. Surgical correction of the omphalocele was attempted with myocutaneous flaps. However, as a result of a progressive respiratory dysfunction, neonatal death occurred on the 32nd day of life. The authorization of the family to perform an autopsy examination was not obtained. The present research was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of all applicable national and institutional committees, as well as with the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association.
Fig. 1
Large intraabdominal cyst on the fetal abdomen on sonographic examination.
Fig. 2
Longitudinal section. MRI shows the opening of the abdomen and exteriorization of the cyst.
Fig. 3
Cross-section. MRI shows the opening of the abdomen and exteriorization of the cyst.
A 29-year-old woman of African descent in her third pregnancy, O positive blood, smoker (ten cigarettes/day), was referred to the High-Risk Pregnancy Care Clinic at the Hospital Geral of the Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, as a result of her 2D US revealing a fetus with defects in the abdominal wall. On admission, two births by cesarean section were reported, while the second child had presented a malformation of the esophagus at birth. The prenatal exams for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimesters were normal. Twelve consultations for the monitoring of the unplanned pregnancy were conducted. Both the woman and her family were aware of the fetal malformation and demonstrated the desire to maintain the pregnancy. Because of the identification of the omphalocele in the US, the woman underwent a fetal echocardiography that confirmed the diagnosis of a complete atrioventricular septal defect, of a perimembranous interventricular septal defect of the entry pathway, and of a probable interatrial septal defect of the ostium primum type.
The US findings can be summarized as follows: in the 16th week of pregnancy, no changes were detected in the fetal anatomy; in the 26th week, an echogenic mass was observed in the abdominal wall, as well as a fetal omphalocele of 5 cm; in the 29th week, a closing defect was found in the thoracicoabdominal wall, extruding from part of the liver and from the apex of the heart, wrapped by a thin membrane, associated with a pericardial effusion, suggesting PC. In all of the tests, the amniotic volume was normal.
A female baby was born at the 38th gestational week by elective cesarean delivery. The newborn measured 46 cm and weighed 3,600 g, with head circumference of 35cm and thoracic perimeter of 32cm. The newborn had an Apgar score of 3 and 7 in the 1st and 5th minutes, respectively. In the ectoscopy, the conceptus presented a voluminous omphalocele with evisceration of the heart, of the liver, and of the intestinal loops, diaphragmatic hernia, heart located in the abdomen, congenital defect of the distal third of the sternum, and heart abnormalities (Fig. 4). The treatment of the omphalocele with myocutaneous flaps was considered, in order to achieve a closure of the PC. Due to the early and progressive respiratory impairment, conventional mechanical ventilation was installed. On the 10th day of life, closure of the abdomen with an amniotic membrane was attempted, with the aid of a silicone and Marlex mesh (Atramat® Internacional Farmaceutica, S.A. de C.V., Lerma, Edo. de México, México). In spite of the proposed treatment, the newborn remained dyspneic, progressed poorly and died on the 32nd day of life resulting from sepsis, respiratory failure, edema of the head and upper thorax, and thrombosis of the inferior vena cava and of the right femoral vein.
Fig. 4
Large cyst in newborn abdomen and part of umbilical cord. To the right of the picture, over the stethoscope, part of the fetal liver and heart.
In 1958, Cantrell et al2 reported 5 cases of children with ectopia cordis (EC), associated with congenital defects affecting the diaphragm (diaphragmatic hernia), the abdominal wall (omphalocele), pericardium (partially missing), heart (ventricular septal defect), and part of the sternum (partial opening with defective closure of the midline). The authors suggested that the unknown etiology originated from a defect in the embryonic development around the 14th and 18th day of gestation. Consequently, the development would not occur in the transverse septum of the diaphragm, nor would it occur in the migration of the upper abdominal mesodermal folds in the ventromedial direction. In this situation, some organs could be extruded through the defect that would originate in the abdominal wall and in the sternum.6 It is cited that EC can present itself in the form of a total or partial displacement of the heart, or what has been described as cervical, cervicothoracic, and thoracoabdominal displacements.7 The left ventricular diverticulum is present in between 20 and 50% of the cases. Other heart defects that can be seen are the tetralogy of Fallot (17 to 20%), and ventricular septal defect (VSD) (100%), atrial septal defect (ASD) (53%), interatrial communication (34.6%), pulmonary stenosis or atresia (31.5%), transposition of the major arteries, tricuspid atresia, truncus arteriosus, and atrioventricular septal defect. A double outlet of the right ventricle is found in 1.2% of the cases.4 8 9 10 11 Other anomalies may be observed in patients with PC, namely: craniofacial and central nervous system defects, such as cleft lip and/or palate, encephalocele, hydrocephalus, craniorachischisis4 7 12 13 14, as well as defects of the abdominal organs, such as agenesis of the gallbladder and polysplenia.15
Due to various phenotypes related to the defect of the abdominal wall in the PC, multiple factors are said to be responsible, including teratogenic mechanics, major genetic mutations, and chromosome abnormalities, such as trisomy 13 and 18.16 The mutation of the thoracoabdominal syndrome (TAS) gene, mapped in the area Xq25-q26.1, is mentioned as having involvement in the fusion of the sternum, as well as in multiple heart defects and diaphragmatic and abdominal wall defects, along with other changes mentioned in some cases of PC.6 17
In some cases, the spectrum of the PC had not been present in a complete manner, and so, in 1972, Toyama18 suggested the following classification of PC: Class 1—definitive diagnosis, with the presence of all 5 defects present; Class 2—probable diagnosis, with the presence of 4 defects, including abnormalities of the intracardiac and of the ventral walls; Class 3—incomplete, with the presence of various combinations of defects, including a sternal abnormality. In the present case, the sternum was found open, associated with the bulky omphalocele and with the diaphragmatic and intracardiac defects.18
The performance of a sonogram exam during the first prenatal period allows for the diagnosis of PC in the first gestational trimester,19 which is characterized by a pericardial effusion associated with an anterior diaphragmatic hernia and pericardial diaphragmatic defects.20 The association with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exams will confirm the fetal anomalies.21 The fetal echocardiography has become essential in the confirmation of the diagnosis of the cardiac abnormalities associated with the PC. Conventional US or radiography can identify other features of the PC and of associated anomalies. However, small defects in the diaphragm and in the pericardium can be extremely difficult to be diagnosed accurately. In these cases, or even in cases of possible surgery, MRI can be useful.22 23
In the present case, the association of 2D and 3D US has become a valuable tool in the diagnosis, allowing for the most suitable way of counseling a pregnant woman and her family. The use of 3D US can be very useful in the diagnosis of fetal anomalies. However, the diagnosis of PC, in general, can be proposed through the traditional 2D images. In general, the 2D US is sufficient to make the diagnosis in the 1st trimester, while the 3D US has greater usefulness for the diagnosis in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters.24 25 It has been suggested that MRI exams provide a better assessment of fetuses with this syndrome.21 26 However, in cases of major defects similar to those being presented, we believe that a combination of 2D and 3D US is sufficient.
A major malformation would be clearly identified by the US, and considering the poor prognosis that comes with major defects, we believe that MRI exams would not add any additional information to aid in the counseling of the patient. However, for pregnant women whose fetuses present minor or transient defects, and for those who have decided to maintain the pregnancy, echocardiography, MRI and fetal echocardiography can help in determining the prognosis, detailing information for the pediatric and surgical teams that will provide care to the newborn after the delivery.27 In the present case, we found that the 2D and 3D US, the MRI and the fetal echocardiography constituted important tools in the diagnosis and in the subsequent evaluations of the prenatal care. We also believe that the MRI and echocardiography exams were able to provide a more specific diagnosis, which provided the obstetric and neonatal units with a more specific approach.
The treatment of the PC consists of cardiovascular surgery, as well as the palliative surgical corrections of the ventral hernia, of the diaphragmatic defects, and of the associated anomalies. Action strategies will be based on the size of the defect in the abdominal wall, on the abnormalities in the heart, and on the type of EC.
To identify prognostic factors that could help in identifying the best proposal for the treatment of patients with PC, van Hoorn et al, in 2008,26 performed an excellent literature review, which identified 58 patients with PC, between 1987 and April 2007, of which 33 were described as having complete PC, and 23 as having incomplete PC. Two of the patients were not clearly defined as complete or incomplete. Fourteen patients had EC without cardiac malformations, 16 patients had intracardiac defects without EC, and 23 had both. Other associated abnormalities were described in 29 of the patients. Out of the 58 patients cited, including patients in whom the pregnancy was interrupted, 37 died a few days after birth. In this group, the mortality was highest in patients with associated abnormalities and in the presence of the complete form. The surviving patients with EC were those who were associated with intracardiac abnormalities. This suggests that the intracardiac defects may indicate a more favorable prognosis, although it could be considered a bias of interpretation due to the small number of patients.26
With the exception of omphalocele, which should be corrected as soon as possible, the main surgical indications are related to heart defects, with the objective of repairing the abdominal, thoracic and cardiac defects. The truncation of the left ventricular diverticulum can be performed with or without extracorporeal circulation, provided that the mitral valve can be preserved.28 29 A ventricular diverticulum resection is indicated shortly after birth due to the risk of spontaneous or traumatic rupture and sudden death due to tachyarrhythmia (which occurs in between 6 and 20% of the cases).30 Severe abnormalities associated with a relatively stable heart defect can motivate the correction of the defects, as soon as possible. The lower abdominal wall defects can be repaired after the correction of the intracardiac defects.15 16
The caregiver team should be composed of an obstetrician, a neonatologist, a pediatric cardiologist, a geneticist, and a pediatric surgeon, who must use their experience in choosing the best approach to be offered for the treatment of this severe complication.31
In conclusion, the prognosis appears to be more pessimistic in patients with the complete form of PC, EC and associated anomalies. Intracardiac changes do not seem to be a negative prognostic factor. When the PC diagnosis is suspected, the multidisciplinary approach becomes essential.