DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1670643 - volume 40 - Outubro 2018
Alessandra Martins Heringer de Lima, Paulo Roberto Nassar de Carvalho, Saint Clair Gomes, Ana Carolina Costa Carioca, José Maria de Andrade Lopes
The accuracy of fetal weight estimation is very important for patients who have intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). When IUGR occurs at the threshold of neonate viability, accurate fetal weight estimation represents a valuable predictive factor to assess the probability of perinatal survival. Precise weight prediction before birth may minimize the perinatal morbidity and mortality associated with lower intrauterine growth.1
The normal development of the placenta, which occurs in the early stages of gestation, is dependent on the adequate invasion of trophoblastic cells in the decidual and myometrial segments of the spiral uterine arteries, which represent the most important source of irrigation in the uterine body region.2 3 4 Impaired trophoblast invasion (or abnormal placental implantation) is associated with elevated vascular resistance in the fetal-placental and uteroplacental circulation, and, consequently, with the development of preeclampsia and IUGR, a condition called placental insufficiency.5 6
The reduction of fetal systemic blood flow due to fetal compensatory mechanisms in placental insufficiency leads to a decrease in the fetal growth rate.7 When these events lead to gestation in the second or early third trimesters, we call this early-onset placental insufficiency, and its severity is directly proportional to gestational age (GA), estimated fetal weight (EFW) and alterations found in Doppler mapping.7 Intrauterine growth restriction is a major consequence of placental insufficiency, and constitutes a significant public health problem, increasing the rates of neonatal morbidity and mortality and late postnatal consequences.3 4 In general, this fetal pathology is a common clinical issue, present in 7 to 15% of all pregnancies.8
The perinatal outcome of fetuses affected by placental insufficiency is broadly dependent on the severity of the growth restriction, and EFW below the third percentile and/or abnormal findings in the umbilical artery (UA) represent the greatest risks for adverse perinatal results.8 9 10 11 Other important prenatal determinants for the perinatal outcome are GA at birth and birth weight (BW), which is traditionally used as a predictive parameter of neonatal survival.11
Most EFW ultrasound formulae have been evaluated in multiple clinical conditions, but there is criticism of the indiscriminate use of these models in situations such as IUGR triggered by early-onset placental insufficiency. Only the Hadlock formula with four fetal biometric parameters (head circumference [HC], abdominal circumference [AC], femur length [FL] and biparietal diameter [BPD]) was tested in the population with altered Doppler velocimetry and high risk for IUGR.12
The present study aimed to assess the performance of 11 ultrasound formulae used to estimate fetal weight in premature fetuses with arterial and venous blood flow changes identified through Doppler velocimetry.
Data were collected from a cohort of women and their fetuses submitted to ultrasound and Doppler velocimetry examinations who delivered at one of three maternity hospitals in the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area: Instituto Fernandes Figueira, Clínica Perinatal Barra, and Clínica Perinatal Laranjeiras, between November 2002 and December 2013.
The inclusion criteria were: women on the 24th to 33rd weeks of pregnancy, calculated according to the date of the last menstrual period and confirmed through obstetric ultrasonography performed by the 20th week of pregnancy; presence of Doppler velocimetry levels compatible with fetal blood flow redistribution (increase of the pulsatility index [PI] of the UA above the 95th percentile for GA; presence of brain sparing reflex, with PI of the middle cerebral artery [MCA] below the 5th percentile for GA; AU with zero or reverse diastole in the UA); interval between the last ultrasound assessment of fetal biometry and birth not longer than five days; interval between last Doppler velocimetry exam and delivery not longer than 24 hours; and absence of signs of infection.
The exclusion criteria were multiple pregnancies, presence of fetal malformation assessed through prenatal care and/or confirmed on physical examination immediately after birth, and lack of reliable or available data to satisfy data collection.
Doppler velocimetry and ultrasonography were performed using the following devices: General Electric Voluson E6, and General Electric Voluson S6 (Boston, MA, US). All of the ultrasound examiners had at least two years of experience in obstetric examinations, and were certified by the Brazilian College of Radiology (CBR, in the Portuguese acronym) and the Brazilian Federation of Societies of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FEBRASGO, in the Portuguese acronym).
The fetal biometry measurements were BPD, HC, AC, and FL, which were based on previously described methodologies.13 14 15 The amniotic fluid index (AFI) was used to estimate the fluid volume, and was categorized as a dichotomous variable according to whether the values were normal or abnormal.16 Intrauterine growth restriction was defined in the present study as weight two standard deviations below the average BW for each GA.
The assessment of blood flow measurements of the resistance index (RI) and PI of the UA, MCA, and ductus venosus (DV) were obtained using a previously described methodology.17 18 19 Brain sparing reflex was considered when the PI of the MCA was below the 5th percentile for GA. The ratio between ventricular systole and atrial contraction (S/A ratio) on the DV was considered abnormal when the values exceeded 3.6, according to the local curve.20
Fetal weight was estimated with eleven different formulae using different numbers and combinations of BPD, HC, AC and FL obtained in the literature and available on the ultrasound equipment.
The EFW formulae listed were selected because they are widely used equations in the clinical practice, and because they are represented by fetal biometrics parameters available in routine ultrasound examinations. Formulae described for small fetuses, such as those of Mielke I and II, were not selected because they required the measurement of the transverse diameter of the abdomen, which is not part of the patterns used in the selected health units. The selected formulae are described in detail in Table 1.21 22 23 24
Table 1
Formulae for fetal weight estimation
| Formula | Parameters | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Campbell | AC | e^(–4.564 + 0.282 × AC-0.00331 × AC^2) [g,cm] |
| Hadlock I | BPD, HC, AC, FL | 10^(1.3596 + 0.0064 × HC + 0.0424 × AC + 0.174 × FL + 0.00061 × BPD × AC-0.00386 × AC × FL) [g,cm] |
| Hadlock II | AC, FL | 10^(1.304 + 0.05281 × AC + 0.1938 × FL-0.004 × AC × FL) [g,cm] |
| Hadlock III | BPD, AC, FL | 10^(1.335–0.0034 × AC × FL + 0.0316 × BPD + 0.0457 × AC + 0.1623 × FL) [g,cm] |
| Hadlock IV | HC, AC, FL | 10^(1.326–0.00326 × AC × FL + 0.0107 × HC + 0.0438 × AC + 0.158 × FL) [g,cm] |
| Hadlock V | BPD, AC | 10^(1.1134 + 0.005845 × AC-0.000604 × AC^2–0.007365 × BPD^2 + 0.000595 × BPD × AC + 0.1694 × BPD) [g,cm] |
| Shepard | BPD, AC | 10^(-1.7492 + 0.166 × BPD + 0.046 × AC-0.002546 × AC × BPD [kg,cm] |
| Warsof | BPD, AC | 10^(-1.599 + 0.144 × BPD + 0.032 × AC-0.000111 × BPD^2 × AC) [kg,cm] |
| Weiner I | HC, AC, FL | 10^(1.6961 + 0.02253 × HC + 0.01645 × AC + 0.06439 × FL) [g,cm] |
| Weiner II | HC, AC | 10^(1.6575 + 0.04035 × HC + 0.01285 × AC) [g,cm] |
| Woo III | BPD, AC, FL | 10^(1.54 + 0.15 × BPD + 0.00111 × AC^2–0.0000764 × BPD × AC^2 + 0.05 × FL-0.000992 × FL × AC [g,cm] |
Abbreviations: AC, abdominal circumference; BPD, biparietal diameter; e, Euler number; FL, femur length; HC, head circumference.
Note: Source: Adapted from Abele et al (2010).21
The Hadlock formulae are often interchanged in previous studies, according to the understanding of the authors. In the present article, these equations were used according to the detailed description and numbering in Table 1. Following the birth, neonatologists immediately assisted the newborns. After initial care, birthweights were obtained and registered in scales of 5 g (Filizola, model BP Baby, São Paulo, SP, Brazil). The Local Ethics Committee approved this study under registration CAAE number 36546014.7.0000.5269.
The descriptive data analysis considered the mean and standard deviation. The formulae for fetal weight estimation listed in Table 1 were compared in terms of means for absolute percentage error (APE = |[Estimated weight – Birth weight] × 100/Birth weight|). All analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, US) software, version, 20, and the R (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria) software, version 2.15.1, with a significance level of 0.05 as reference.
A bivariate analysis was performed to compare the mean values for fetal weight estimation obtained with the different formulae with the following variables: growth pattern (appropriate for gestational age [AGA]/IUGR), GA at birth (< 28 weeks, 28–32 weeks, > 32 weeks), sex (male/female), AFI (normal/abnormal), UA status (normal/abnormal), and DV status (normal/abnormal). These analyses were performed to identify, for each of the equations used, which were related to the observed variations, considering a level of significance of 0.05.
In total, 194 patients met the research inclusion criteria. One case was excluded due to inconsistent registration of BPD in the medical record. All fetuses were delivered through cesarean section, except for the stillbirths, which were delivered vaginally. The descriptive analysis of the studied population is summarized in Table 2.
Table 2
Characteristics of the studied sample
| Maternal age (years), mean ± SD | 31 ± 6.2 |
| Birth weight (grams), mean ± SD | 918 ± 361.1 |
| Gestational age at delivery (weeks), SD | 28,8 ± 2.3 |
| BW < 3rd percentile, frequency (percentage) | 78 (40.2%) |
| Male sex frequency (percentage) | 103 (53.1%) |
| Abnormal AFI frequency (percentage) | 87 (44.8%) |
| Doppler UA AREDV frequency (percentage) | 122 (62.9%) |
| Doppler DV abnormal S/A frequency (percentage) | 60 (34.8%) |
| Stillborn frequency (percentage) | 7 (3.6%) |
Abbreviations: AFI, amniotic fluid index; AREDV, absent and reversed end-diastolic velocity; BW, birth weight; DV, ductus venosus; S/A, ventricular systole and atrial contraction ratio; SD, standard deviation; UA, umbilical artery.
The average fetal weight estimated through each formula is shown in Table 3.
Table 3
Representation of the 95% confidence interval of the mean estimated fetal weigth in grams using the eleven formulae
| n | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Standard deviation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Campbell | 194 | 282.31 | 3,312.29 | 981.6658 | 450.65413 |
| Hadlock I | 193 | 318.5 | 2,032.9 | 910.569 | 368.9429 |
| Hadlock II | 194 | 305.0 | 2,382.2 | 909.611 | 375.9173 |
| Hadlock III | 194 | 320.7 | 2,127.4 | 918.754 | 374.0832 |
| Hadlock IV | 193 | 317.7 | 2,042.4 | 909.641 | 366.9738 |
| Hadlock V | 194 | 345.4 | 2,246.0 | 983.673 | 409.3975 |
| Shepard | 194 | 373.8 | 2,264.5 | 1,008.021 | 419.2746 |
| Warsof | 194 | 359.6 | 1,966.5 | 920.546 | 370.5401 |
| Weiner I | 193 | 348.4 | 1,657.7 | 840.630 | 298.8425 |
| Weiner II | 193 | 312.6 | 1,862.8 | 883.734 | 307.7843 |
| Woo III | 194 | 375.2 | 2,092.7 | 949.585 | 385.2960 |
For APE, the formulae that demonstrated the best performance in the studied population were Hadlock I, II, III, and IV and Warsof, which had the lowest median values (Table 4).
Table 4
Performance of the eleven formulae for fetal weight estimation, expressed as the mean absolute percentage error (APE)
| n | Minimum | Maximum | Mean APE | Standard deviation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Campbell | 194 | 0.01 | 99.54 | 13.8099 | 12.81752 |
| Hadlock I | 193 | 0.02 | 42.94 | 8.3193 | 7.32916 |
| Hadlock II | 194 | 0.05 | 47.86 | 9.4487 | 8.56320 |
| Hadlock III | 194 | 0.01 | 46.86 | 8.7386 | 7.69347 |
| Hadlock IV | 193 | 0.11 | 41.88 | 8.1745 | 7.23123 |
| Hadlock V | 194 | 0.02 | 48.81 | 11.5152 | 9.73483 |
| Shepard | 194 | 0.22 | 47.98 | 13.4033 | 10.14293 |
| Warsof | 194 | 0.00 | 45.49 | 9.3412 | 8.05797 |
| Weiner I | 193 | 0.05 | 33.24 | 9.7163 | 6.66733 |
| Weiner II | 193 | 0.01 | 37.21 | 9.5477 | 7.40668 |
| Woo III | 194 | 0.27 | 44.35 | 10.0275 | 8.15756 |
The Hadlock IV (HC, AC, FL), Hadlock I (BPD, HC, AC and FL), and Hadlock III (BDP, AC, FL) formulae had the lowest median APE values: 8.17, 8.32, and 8.74 respectively. A mean APE value < 10 was considered an indicator of satisfactory performance for each formula according to previous reports.
The cohort was divided into 2 groups per fetal growth: AGA, n= 116 (59.8%), and IUGR, n= 78 (40.2%). Intrauterine growth restriction was defined in the present study as weight two standard deviations below the average BW for each GA.
Regarding the mean APE in AGA fetuses, Hadlock I, II, III, IV, and Warsof formulae demonstrated the best performance (8.02, 8.95, 8.41, 7.87, and 8.72 respectively). Hadlock IV (HC, AC, FL) had the lowest APE value. The same performance was observed in the IUGR fetus population, with a mean APE of 8.77, 10.18, 9.23, 8.62, and 10.26 respectively, as shown in Fig. 1. There was no significant difference between the median APE values of the AGA and IUGR groups, which were calculated using the Hadlock I (BPD, HC, AC and FL) and IV (HC, AC, FL) formulae.
Fig. 1
Graphical representation of the mean absolute percentage error for the 11 formulae and their respective 95% confidence intervals according to the pattern of fetal growth. Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; APE, absolute percentage error; AGA, appropriate for gestational age; IUGR, intrauterine growth restriction.
The 11 formulae were also compared in groups defined per GA (24–28, 28–32 and 32–34 weeks), sex of the newborn (male or female), AFI (< 5 cm or ≥ 5 cm), UA Doppler status (PI > 95th percentile or absent/reverse diastole), and DV (normal or altered). The Hadlock formulae demonstrated no statistically significant difference in performance in the subgroup analysis per neonate sex, GA at birth, AFI, UA, or DV status (Table 5). The resulting table shows the existence or not of statistical association, considering a level of significance of 0.05.
Table 5
Influence of the clinical/ultrasonographic parameters on the average of the absolute percentage error for each formula
| Formula | Growth pattern | GA at birth | Sex | AFI | UA status | DV status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Campbell | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No |
| Hadlock I | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Hadlock II | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Hadlock III | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Hadlock IV | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Hadlock V | No | No | No | No | Yes | No |
| Shepard | No | No | No | No | Yes | No |
| Warsof | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Weiner I | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No |
| Weiner II | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Woo III | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Abbreviations: AFI, amniotic fluid index; DV, ductus venosus; GA, gestational age; UA, umbilical artery.
This study compared eleven formulae for fetal weight estimation in the clinical context of placental insufficiency observed on Doppler scan. This is a frequent pathology in pregnancy that is associated with an increased risk of growth restriction and low BW.2 3 8 11 It is an original study in Brazil.
The formulae with the best performance for fetal weight estimation in the analyzed population were Hadlock I (BPD, HC, AC and FL) and IV (HC, AC and FL), which use four and three fetal biometric parameters respectively, based on the mean APE. This finding is consistent with what has already been documented in the medical literature for specific populations such as very premature fetuses and those with growth restriction.21 22 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 The formulae with the poorest performance in our population were Campbell and Shepard.
The Hadlock formulae did not significantly differ in performance in the analyses according to fetal growth, fetal sex, GA at birth, AFI, UA, and DV status.22 This finding is similar to those obtained by studies that assessed cases of extreme prematurity for any reason and pregnancies with specific conditions such as preeclampsia.21 22
The final fetal biometry measurement for the ultrasound weight estimation was obtained at least five days before birth. The last Doppler velocimetry measurement was performed in all patients no more than 24 hours before birth. This can be considered a particular strength of the study, because these parameters are more accurate than what is commonly found in the literature, which is a range of up to seven days between the last ultrasound examination and delivery.21 22 25 26 Another quality that should be emphasized is the fact that the present study included a relatively large cohort, composed of 194 patients.
The study has some limitations that should be addressed. Only formulae based on BPD, HC, AC, and/or FL with circumferences measured by ellipsis were included; thus, the present findings cannot be extrapolated to formulae that use other parameters.27 We did not make adjustments for the interval between EFW and BW because this period was not longer than five days. This is a retrospective study; therefore, it carries a risk of loss of information due to flaws in medical records.
More studies, preferably with prospective designs and larger sample sizes, are necessary to corroborate the findings presented here, minimizing possible biases and enabling the extrapolation of the findings.
The present study demonstrated the variability of performance among eleven different formulae for weight estimation in premature fetuses who experienced changes in blood flow. Our results indicate that the Hadlock formulae that use three (HC, AC and FL) or four (BPD, HC, AC and FL) biometric fetal parameters have the best results for this specific fetus population. Despite the reports of formulae designed specifically for premature and/or IUGR fetuses in the literature, the Hadlock I (BPD, HC, AC and FL) and IV (HC, AC and FL) formulae had fewer errors regarding BW in our study population. In addition, this better performance was not influenced by the clinical and ultrasound factors frequently present in early-onset placental insufficiency. Thus, considering the possible biases of this type of study design, our results indicate that the Hadlock I (BPD, HC, AC and FL) and IV (HC, AC and FL) formulae can be applied with satisfactory performance for fetal weight estimation in a population of fetuses with early-onset severe placental insufficiency.